Part of Cell open-circuit voltage.


Lithium-titanate-oxide is an anode material whose open-circuit potential stays almost flat over the entire range of cycleable stoichiometry bounds:

Image from here

Image from here

LTO lattice structure

Energetic model of Lithium intercalated in LTO lattice

Completely flat LTO's open-circuit voltage is one big equipotential phase transition: Lithium ions move between 8a to 16c sites

References

[1] Monte-Carlo simulation combined with density functional theory to investigate the equilibrium thermodynamics of electrode materials: lithium titanates as model compounds