Energy stored on energy invested is a metric that has been proposed by Barnhart and Benson for "cradle-to-gate and use" and "cradle-to-grave" life cycle assessments of energy storage technologies:

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CAES stands for Compressed-Air Energy Storage, and PHS for Pumped Hydro Storage.

Alternative metric: Cradle-to-grave energy efficiency.

See ‣.

Part of Life-Cycle Assessment Considerations for Batteries and Battery Materials