Fast charging: ↑ performance (faster charing), ↓ efficiency (more heat loss, lower charging efficiency), ↓ safety.
More sensors: ↓ efficiency (power draw, sensor cost, data transfer costs), ↑ safety.
Smarter/more powerful BMS: ↓ efficiency (power draw, BMS chip cost, development costs), ↑ performance (more precise charge/discharge and power limits), ↑ safety.
Cell size tradeoff: ?? performance (lower internal resistance, but what about allowable current density, with regard to inhomogeneities?), ?? safety (more chances for inhomogeneities and Lithium plating, but allows more sensors), ?? efficiency.
System integration, e. g. BMS talking to the grid balancing algorithm: ↑ efficiency.
More space between cells, modules: ↓ performance (lower energy density of the system), ↑ safety.
Lithium Iron Phosphate vs. Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt cathode: ↑↓ performance: depends on the application (lower energy density, but cheaper per kWh), ↑ safety.
Organic film on anodes: ↑ safety (Lithium plating), ?? efficiency (longer life, but lower round-trip efficiency), ↓ performance (lower instantaneous power possible).
Higher-capacity battery in an EV: ↑ performance (range), ↓ efficiency (the battery will typically be under-utilised, thus its Cradle-to-grave energy efficiency will be lower).
Energy density—power density tradeoff in batteries.
More generally: Resource/safety tradeoff.
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