In other words, cell manufacturing accounts for two-thirds of energy consumption in cradle-to-gate LCA assessment for cells (source).

Evaporating the NMP solvent (after coating cathode slurry on the current collector foil) and maintaining the facility's dry room conditioning together consume about 80% of energy spent during cell manufacturing. However, the energy usage estimates for dry room conditioning were obtained on small-scale facilities and can drop by an order of magnitude on a very high-throughput cell production line.

Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) cathode can be two to three times more energy-intensive than the production of other cathode materials (LMO and LFP), and therefore also become a major contributor to the total energy spent during cell manufacturing.

Northvolt Ett's cell manufacturing energy use is 50 kWh per kWh of cell capacity produced (see the contribution of this to Cradle-to-grave energy efficiency).

Part of Life-Cycle Assessment Considerations for Batteries and Battery Materials